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Discussion For many, the entire line is clearly seen with this reading method. This allows for speed reading directly down the center of a printed column. Some individuals read across in a manner similar to that of the daily exercise of sweeping from one fused penny to the next. Others use several eye stops along a printed line. Wider book pages are also read in a gentle curving pattern down the page. Thus, individual reading preferences are used. Use of this new reading method frequently results in advances of one grade each month until attaining grade level. It is so effective that each dyslexic is told at the first visit that they are no different from others except for the necessity to use a stereoscopic eye exercise and a required new reading method for life. This reading method allows for normal reading according to abilities (11). Stereopsis is perceived depth perception occurring when bilateral retinal correspondence disparities occur. Extra ocular muscles contract according to eye position and not individually. Normal eye motion is then dependent upon normal nerve enervation and muscle tendon insertion angle. Use of a corrective ocular-motor dependent reading method prompted the re-evaluation of the origin of dyslexia reading problems. To aid in normal stereopsis, eye convergence downward produces automatic cyclovergence where the eyes rotate nasally, inward, along the plane of vision. Upward converging gaze creates cyclorotation laterally outward (8). However, cycloversion is different and represents symmetric rotation of each eye in the same direction and it is not retinal image fusion dependent, a stereoscopic requirement (9). Cyclovergence aids the brain in image correspondence by use of epipolar lines or as slightly wider epipolar line areas. During vergence, this twisting type eye rotation, along the line of sight, aids in the retinal search for stereopsis. Stereopsis does not occur if incorrect retinal areas produce a failed search. This appears to involve eye-fixed retinal regions that contain epipolar lines (7,9). Retinal image disparities that are too large may appear as double images. However, non-fusible images are sometimes handled through suppression to allow a single image. Through binocular rivalry only the right eye, left eye or image fragments may selectively form. This could result in word, letter and reading line disarray. (12,13). An exact cyclovergence location, between the lowest downward gaze to upward gaze, offered an opportunity to match epipolar lines for normal stereopsis as correction of dyslexic reading problems. Dyslexia, a stereoscopic abnormality, immediately corrects from slowly moving the printed page, at normal reading distance, in an arc orthogonally, from downward cyclovergence to upward cyclovergence. All of the peculiarities noted by the dyslexic as moving words, lines of joined words, joining of two or more word, shuffling words, decreased clarity, etc. disappear at one of the upward moving arc positions. Those without word motion developed clearer, sharper, blacker words. These are the same correction findings noted with the new reading method: words no longer move or come together, words become clearer, sharper, blacker and reading is fluent, not labored or choppy. This simple exercise demonstrates that dyslexia is a subtle stereoscopic abnormality that may be corrected upon corrective epipolar line matching. A few dyslexics discovered this clarity region and hold reading materials at the horizontal, 30 or 60 degree downward location from the horizontal. Perhaps, further studies may allow this simple procedure to aid in the diagnosis of a learning impaired individual as dyslexic. Balliet and Nakayma (14) found that it is possible to train individuals, through eye torsion exercises, to reproduce these trained eye torsion angles spontaneously. They found that it is possible to retain eye torsion abilities, without further training, for up to one year. Their torsion training studies reached 30 degrees with cyclovergence remaining available at any desired angle relative to the individuals trained angle. A similar eye training exercise is believed to have occurred with use of the two pennies. This offers an explanation as to why the two penny stereoptic eye exercise often has long term expression for some. Each dyslexic is instructed in the use of the necessary eye exercise and told to use it each day for the first several months and then as needed or periodically. However, complete disregard for use causes a gradual return to previous reading problems. Stereopsis is the presented correction mechanism for this reading method. Initially, visual ocular-motor explanations were only cautiously considered as a plausible mechanism. Now, extrinsic ocular muscle use with corresponding cylorotation and epipolar line search failure is proposed as the origin of dyslexic reading problems. More specifically, an abnormality at vergence cylorotation would also allow for use of a cylorotation eye exercise to correct dyslexic reading problems. This reading method's stereopsis eye exercise is believed to produce cyclorotation eye training and the raised reading focal point would then represent a mechanism for securing epipolar line correspondence. Reading method changes occur immediately and it has two requirements. Also, there is no long term eye exercise that may or may not prove effective. The first requirement is the two penny eye training exercise. It is actually a form of eye cyclovergence training. The downward gaze two penny vergence exercise naturally produces cylovergence. This cyclovergence exercise apparently allows for rapid eye muscle rotational training in a consistent, fiscally practical and friendly home or office setting. No elaborate instruments are required. This stereoscopic exercise is a life long requirement to maintain the apparent necessary cyclorotation ability of each eye. However, it is retained for a considerable period of time of from months to years, as evident in prior treated dyslexics. The second requirement is a focal point adjustment off the paper in order to secure epipolar line region correspondence. Each dyslexic is instructed to find that place where the print is clearer, blacker, sharper and easier to read. The desired location is barely off the paper for necessary binocular correspondence as epipolar line matching. A higher reading level is not used. The new reading level rapidly becomes automatic and finger use is no longer a requirement. Arc vergence reading changes are, in actuality, more variable. Occasionally, the clearest region is sharply localized at 60 degrees. Or, there may be an only clear region 30 degrees above the horizontal. This would suggest variable epipolar line region correspondence. Most non-dyslexics do not have a clearest elevation region, as it is clear over the entire tested arc range. A few find the words smaller on upward vergence gaze. Those individuals reading at arms length appear to have discovered the futility of abnormal cyclovergence as dyslexic reading problems. Arms length reading is effective for them because vergence cyclorotation is not utilized. Computer screen distance reading may also be beyond vergence gaze or the arc vergence reading effect is utilized as matching horizontal level epipolar lines. It is usually explained to educators, parents and dyslexics that dyslexics are no different from others except for a required reading method different from non-dyslexics. Dyslexia is an ocular-motor disorder that appears to require a two step corrective method. Yet fMRI studies suggest that dyslexia is anatomically evident by neurophysiologic means. These findings may be explainable as a similarity between the dyslexic and a NASA space probe with electrical circuit difficulties. Space craft scientist merely re-route the circuitry to produce a functional space craft. Perhaps a similar re-routing occurs with the dyslexic and upon correction those input variations would be corrected. Seki et al. found Japanese dyslexics to use several different corrective areas on fMRI. All non-dyslexics utilized the left middle temporal gyrus while the studied dyslexics activated the bilateral occipital areas, inferior frontal regions or precentral gyrus (15). Perhaps, neurophysiologic abnormalities, as low or decreased brain activity, would predictably return to normal upon correction of dyslexic reading problems.
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2008 Copyright Dr. George Manilla and DyslexiaModification.com |
The
employed reading method is simple, effective and easily taught.
Generally, the dyslexic is only seen on three separate occasions
for one quarter to one half hour. The first is for learning the
stereoscopic eye training exercise. The second is for learning to
read utilizing the necessary reading method for dyslexics. The third
visit is to teach dyslexics a writing method and how to look at
maps as well as sheet music. Following correction of confusing dyslexic
problems, any reading program preferred by the educator, parents
or tutor may be successfully employed. Progress is according to
expected normal learning curve abilities.
